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The main optical components that are part of an optical system include • Lens: An optical device that transmits and refracts light, converging or diverging the beam. A simple lens consists of a single optical element. • Singlet: A simple lens consisting of a single simple element. See Fig below: • Doublet: A type of lens combination comprising two simple (singlet) lenses, cemented or attached to each other (air spaced). Doublets are used to correct chromatic aberrations. See Fig. below. • Triplet: A type of lens combination comprising three simple (singlet) lenses, cemented or attached to each other (air spaced). Triplets are used to correct chromatic aberrations. See Fig. below • Prisms: A transparent optical element with at least two polished flat surfaces that refract light and have an angle between them. See Fig. below: • Window: A transparent optical element with two flat and polished parallel surfaces for transmitting light of a particular wavelength range of intere...

  Physical optics, or wave optics, describes light behavior in terms of "waves." This branch of optics addresses phenomena such as interference, diffraction, and polarization because waves are electromagnetic with an equal amount of energy stored in the electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other.

This article mainly introduces the definition, categories and results of aberrations.

Geometrical optics, or ray optics, describes light behavior in terms of "rays," which is an abstracted description for the behavior of light when it travels in a homogeneous medium, bends or splits in two at an interface between two dissimilar media, and then is reflected, refracted or absorbed. The light ray is perpendicular to the light’s wavefronts (and is therefore collinear with the wave vector). The main characteristics that refer to the geometrical optics are reflection, refraction, and dispersion, as well as two other factors: • scattering, and • critical angle and total internal reflection. Scattering The scattering of light (an electromagnetic radiation) means that when light impinges on or passes through a medium that is not uniform (fully or localized), it scatters in all directions. Theoretically, a perfect mirror’s surface or 100% homogenous optical material (without bubbles or inclusions and with a perfectly polished surface) will reflect or transmit light, res...

The term "light" is usually used to mean wavelengths visible to human eyes, even though it sometimes refers to the electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, visible or not. Light is electromagnetic radiation and has a wavelength range (in the visible, VIS) of ~400 nm (0.4 mm) to ~700 nm (0.7 mm), as shown in Fig below. It is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that also includes the infrared range and the ultraviolet range. The main properties of light include the following: • Speed: The speed of light in vacuum is 299,792,458 meters per second (m/s), one of the fundamental constants of nature. • Reflection: When light is reflected off any surface, the angle of incidence Qi is always equal to the angle of reflection Qr. • Refraction: Refraction is the bending of light (wave) as it passes between materials with different optical densities (different speeds), as illustrated in Fig. below, The refraction of light passing from a fast medium (e.g., air) to a slow medium (e.g...